HOW HOT DID THE JET FUEL HEAT THE WORLD TRADE
CENTER?
by MAD MAX Saturday July 19, 2003 at 05:52 AM
Imagine that the entire quantity of jet fuel from the aircraft was injected into just one floor of the World Trade Center, that the jet fuel burnt with the perfect efficency, that no hot gases left this floor and that no heat escaped this floor by conduction. With these ideal assumptions we calculate the maximum temperature that this one floor could have reached.
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THE JET FUEL; HOW HOT DID IT HEAT
THE WORLD TRADE CENTER? Imagine that the entire quantity of jet fuel from the aircraft was injected into just one floor of the World Trade Center, that the jet fuel burnt with the perfect efficency, that no hot gases left this floor and that no heat escaped this floor by conduction. With these ideal assumptions we calculate the maximum temperature that this one floor could have reached. "The Boeing 767 is capable of carrying up to 23,980 gallons of fuel and it is estimated that, at the time of impact, each aircraft had approximately 10,000 gallons of unused fuel on board (compiled from Government sources)." Quote from the FEMA report into the collapse of WTC's One and Two (Chapter Two). Since the aircraft were only flying from Boston to Los Angeles, they would have been nowhere near fully fueled on takeoff (the aircraft have a maximum range of 7,600 miles). They would have carried just enough fuel for the trip together with some safety factor. Remember, that carrying excess fuel means higher fuel bills and less paying passengers. The aircraft would have also burnt some fuel between Boston and New York. What we propose to do, is to pretend that the entire 10,000 gallons of jet fuel was injected into just one floor of the World Trade Center, that the jet fuel burnt with the perfect quantity of oxygen, that no hot gases left this floor and that no heat escaped this floor by conduction. With these ideal assumptions (none of which were meet in reality) we will calculate the maximum temperature that this one floor could have reached. Of course, on that day, the real temperature rise of any floor due to the burning jet fuel, would have been considerably lower than the rise that we calculate, but this estimate will enable us to demonstrate that the "official" explanations are lies. Note that a gallon of jet fuel weighs about 3.1 kilograms, hence 10,000 gallons weighs 10,000 x 3.1 = 31,000 kgs. Jet fuel is a colorless, combustible, straight run petroleum distillate liquid. Its principal uses are as an ingredient in lamp oils, charcoal starter fluids, jet engine fuels and insecticides. It is also know as, fuel oil #1, kerosene, range oil, coal oil and aviation fuel. It is comprised of hydrocarbons with a carbon range of C9 - C17. The hydrocarbons are mainly alkanes CnH2n+2, with n ranging from 9 to 17. It has a flash point within the range 42° C - 72° C (110° F - 162° F). And an ignition temperature of 210° C (410° F). Depending on the supply of oxygen, jet fuel burns by one of three chemical reactions: (1) CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 => n CO2 + (n + 1) H2O (2) CnH2n+2 + (2n+1)/2 O2 => n CO + (n + 1) H2O (3) CnH2n+2 + (n+1)/2 O2 => n C + (n + 1) H2O Reaction (1) only occurs when jet fuel is well mixed with air before being burnt, as for example, in jet engines. Reactions (2) and (3) occur when a pool of jet fuel burns. When reaction (3) occurs the carbon formed shows up as soot in the flame. This makes the smoke very dark. In the aircraft crashes at the World Trade Center the collision would have mixed the fuel with the limited amount of air available within the building, quite well, but the combustion would still have been mainly a combination of reactions (2) and (3) as the quantity of oxygen was quite restricted. Since we do not know the exact quantities of oxygen available to the fire, we will assume that the combustion was perfectly efficient, that is, the entire quantity of jet fuel burnt via reaction (1), even though we know that this was not so. This generous assumption will give a temperature that we know will be higher than the actual temperature of the fire attributable to the jet fuel. We need to know that the (net) calorific value of jet fuel when burnt via reaction (1) is 42-44 MJ/kg. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of energy released when the fuel is burnt. We will use the higher value of 44 MJ/kg as this will lead to a higher maximum temperature than the lower value of 42 (and we wish to continue being outrageously generous in our assumptions). For a cleaner presentation and simpler calculations we will also assume that our hydrocarbons are of the form CnH2n. The dropping of the 2 hydrogen atoms does not make much difference to the final result and the interested reader can easily recalculate the figures for a slightly more accurate result. So we are now assuming the equation: (4) CnH2n + 3n/2 O2 => n CO2 + n H2O However, this model, does not take into account that the reaction is proceeding in air, which is only partly oxygen. Dry air is 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen (by volume). Normal air has a moisture content from 0 to 4%. We will include the water vapor and the other minor atmospheric gases with the nitrogen. So the ratio of the main atmospheric gases, oxygen and nitrogen, is 1 : 3.76. In molar terms: Air = O2 + 3.76 N2.
Because oxygen comes mixed with nitrogen, we have to include it in the equations. Even though it does not react, it is "along for the ride" and will absorb heat, affecting the overall heat balance. Thus we need to use the equation: (5) CnH2n + 3n/2(O2 + 3.76 N2) => n CO2 + n H2O + 5.64n N2 From this equation we see that the molar ratio of CnH2n to that of the products is:
In the conversion of moles to kilograms we have assumed the atomic weights of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are 1, 12, 14 and 16 respectively. Now each of the towers contained 96,000 (short) tons of steel. That is an average of 96,000/117 = 820 tons per floor. Lets suppose that the bottom floors contained roughly twice the amount of steel of the upper floors (since the lower floors had to carry more weight). So we estimate that the lower floors contained about 1,100 tons of steel and the upper floors about 550 tons = 550 x 907.2 ≈ 500,000 kgs. We will assume that the floors hit by the aircraft contained the lower estimate of 500,000 kgs of steel. This generously underestimates the quantity of steel in these floors, and once again leads to a higher estimate of the maximum temperature. Each story had a floor slab and a ceiling slab. These slabs were 207 feet wide, 207 feet deep and 4 (in parts 5) inches thick and were constructed from lightweight concrete. So each slab contained 207 x 207 x 1/3 = 14,283 cubic feet of concrete. Now a cubic foot of lightweight concrete weighs 50kg, hence each slab weighed 714,150 ≈ 700,000 kgs. Together, the floor and ceiling slabs weighed some 1,400,000 kgs. So, now we take all the ingredients and estimate a maximum temperature to which they could have been heated by 10,000 gallons of jet fuel. We will call this maximum temperature T. Since the calorific value of jet fuel is 44 MJ/kg. We know that 10,000 gallons = 31,000 kgs of jet fuel will release 31,000 x 44,000,000 = 1,364,000,000,000 Joules of energy.
This is the total quantity of energy available to heat the ingredients to the temperature T. But what is the temperature T? To find out, we first have to calculate the amount of energy absorbed by each of the ingredients. That is, we need to calculate the energy needed to raise:
To calculate the energy needed to heat the above quantities, we need their specific heats. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy needed to raise one kilogram of the substance by one degree centigrade.
Substituting these values into the above, we obtain:
The assumption that the specific heats are constant over the temperature range 25° - T° C, is a good approximation if T turns out to be relatively small (as it does). For larger values of T this assumption once again leads to a higher maximum temperature (as the specific heat for these substances increases with temperature). We have assumed the initial temperature of the surroundings to be 25° C. The quantity, (T - 25)° C, is the temperature rise. So the amount of energy needed to raise one floor to the temperature T° C is = (39,857 x 1,690 + 97,429 x 845 + 349,680 x 1,038 + 500,000 x 450 + 1,400,000 x 3,300) x (T - 25) = (67,358,300 + 82,327,500 + 362,968,000 + 225,000,000 + 4,620,000,000) x (T - 25) Joules = 5,357,650,000 x (T - 25) Joules. Since the amount of energy available to heat this floor is 1,364,000,000,000 Joules, we have that 5,357,650,000 x (T - 25) = 1,364,000,000,000 5,357,650,000 x T - 133,941,000,000 = 1,364,000,000,000 Therefore T = (1,364,000,000,000 + 133,941,000,000)/5,357,650,000 = 280° C (536° F). So, if we assume a typical office fire at the WTC, then the jet fuel could have only added 280 - 25 = 255° C (at the very most) to the temperature of the fire. Summarizing: We have assumed that the entire quantity of jet fuel from the aircraft was injected into just one floor of the World Trade Center, that the jet fuel burnt with the perfect efficency, that no hot gases left this floor and that no heat escaped this floor by conduction. We have found that it is impossible the jet fuel, by itself, raised the temperature of this floor beyond 280° C (536° F). Now this temperature is nowhere near high enough to even begin explaining the World Trade Center Tower collapse. It is not even close to the first critical temperature of 600° C (1,100° F) where steel loses about half its strength and it is nowhere near the quotes of 1500° C that we constantly read about in our lying media. "In the mid-1990s British Steel and the Building Research Establishment performed a series of six experiments at Cardington to investigate the behavior of steel frame buildings. These experiments were conducted in a simulated, eight-story building. Secondary steel beams were not protected. Despite the temperature of the steel beams reaching 800-900° C (1,500-1,700° F) in three of the tests (well above the traditionally assumed critical temperature of 600° C (1,100° F), no collapse was observed in any of the six experiments." Quote from the FEMA report (Appendix A). So, once again, you have been lied to by the media, are you surprised? |
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Mad Max
by Would some kind soul check the calculations. Saturday July 19, 2003 at 05:54 AM
Would some kind soul check the calculations. THANKS.
by jbusch Saturday July 19, 2003 at 05:54 PM
This is like a grad student engineer "proving" through calculations that bees
can't actually fly.
The steel didn't have to melt. All that had to happen is for the steel floor trusses to heat up,
expand, and buckle. They were held to the central concrete elevator core by 2- 5/8" bolts at each
end per truss. Not much when you are talking about the impact of jet airliner which blew much of
the fireproofing off the steel.
Once the floor trusses started to buckle and individual sections of the floor gave way, it was only
a matter of time. The outer columns effectively got longer and longer as the support at the floors
was removed.
I really think that you people who buy into this anti-Jewish conspiracy crap ought to see a doctor.
You have a piece of your soul missing- not to mention most of your brain.
You are the evil one
by jbusch has no soul Saturday July 19, 2003 at 08:09 PM
by jbusch: You FREAK, you MORON, you uneducated Saturday July 19, 2003 at
11:14 PM
I laugh at your stupidity. Do you really believe that the floors were held up by
(2 x 30 + 2 x 12) = number of trusses = 84 pairs of 5/8" bolts.
What a fucking LUNATIC. What a FREAK. What a MORON. Uneducated IDIOT.
Truly, I laugh at your stupidity. Do you believe in any other absurdities (like Santa Claus and Rudolf the red-nosed reindeer).
by Jews did 911. Friday August 01, 2003 at 09:03 PM
apparently this guy does
by somedude Saturday August 02, 2003 at 12:58 PM
jbusch
by Oh, my questions have been answered Saturday August 02, 2003 at 06:45 PM
No doubt, somedude.
I have watched this "debate" and posted to in more times than it warrants. The pieces of human
slime who post this crap in the hope of propagandizing Indy readers into believing that the JEWS
and their own Government killed thousands of innocent New Yorkers for Israel is the single worst
conspiracy theory I have ever seen. The pornographic idiocy they spew is beneath contempt, or
comment.
Everytime I visit this disgusting site, I feel like I am lansing a boil. I need a shower. You
anti-semitic dung piles can go strait to your own personal hell.
JB -- Jews did 911. End of story.
by JB -- Jews did 911. End of story. Tuesday August 19, 2003 at 06:07 PM
JB -- Jews did 9/11. End of story.
fine
by yes, yes, the Jews Wednesday August 20, 2003 at 10:56 AM
Right Wing?
by Bumper Pool Tuesday August 26, 2003 at 02:13 PM
�Qu� temperatura alcanz� el
incendio en el WTC?: Un eslab�n.
by �Qu� temperatura alcanz� el incendio en el WT Sunday October 19, 2003
at 10:34 PM
Imagine que todo el combustible del avi�n se inyectara en s�lo un piso del WTC, que el combustible se quem� con una eficiencia perfecta, que los gases caliente se mantuvieron en el piso y que nada del calor escap� de este piso por conducci�n. Con estas asunciones ideales nosotros calcularemos la temperatura m�xima que este piso podr�a alcanzar.
| CnH2n : CO2 : H2O : N2 | = 1 : n : n : 5.64n moles |
| = 14n : 44n : 18n : 28 x 5.64n kgs | |
| = 1 : 3.14286 : 1.28571 : 11.28 kgs | |
| = 31,000 : 97,429 : 39,857 : 349,680 kgs |
| 39,857 | kilogramos de vapor de agua a la temperatura T°C, | |
| 97,429 | kilogramos de anh�drido carb�nico a la temperatura T°C, | |
| 349,680 | kilogramos de nitr�geno a la temperatura T°C, | |
| 500,000 | kilogramos de acero a la temperatura T°C, | |
| 1,400,000 | kilogramos de hormig�n a la temperatura T°C. | |
| Sustancia | Calor espec�fico [J/Kg*C] |
|---|---|
| Concreto | 3,300 |
| Acero | 450 |
| Nitr�geno | 1,038 |
| Vapor de agua | 1,690 |
| Di�xido de Carbono | 845 |
| 39,857 x | 1,690 x (T - 25) | Joules se necesitan para calentar el vapor de agua de 25° a T°C, |
| 97,429 x | 845 x (T - 25) | Joules se necesitan para calentar el anh�drido carb�nico de 25° a T°C, |
| 349,680 x | 1,038 x (T - 25) | Joules se necesitan para calentar el nitr�geno de 25° a T°C, |
| 500,000 x | 450 x (T - 25) | Joules se necesitan para calentar el acero de 25° a T°C, |
| 1,400,000 x | 3,300 x (T - 25) | Joules se necesitan para calentar el hormig�n de 25° a T°C. |
Mr
by Peter Friday January 16, 2004 at 03:50 PM
Forget the pure physics.
How did so much jet fuel manage to stay in the one spot for so long when it's way, way up in the
air in a building now full of holes as well as lift shafts, stairwells and broken windows??
Once most of the the fuel was burnt off in the initial impact and rupture of fuel tanks, the rest
would have complied with the laws of gravity leaving paper, carpet, desks, etc... to burn. Not hot
enough to melt steel sorry.....
This is nowhere near hot enough to melt steel.
by Robert Thompson Wednesday April 14, 2004 at 12:35 PM
robert7_55406@yahoo.com
LETS GET RATIONAL
by asg Wednesday September 08, 2004 at 02:07 PM
the jet fuel alone was not of
sufficient temperature, then
other, higher temperature,
explosives would have to be
planted in the buildings.
I'm sure that the Saudis and
the Israeli Mossad would
help with the operation, if
they were strongly requested.
by tdo Friday September 10, 2004 at 06:08 PM
this is for you jbusch ... ok if all it took was the plane to crash into the WTC to make them fall and not the fire then WHY DID TOWER 7 FALL ? no plane hit it but there was a small fire in it and it was no where near as big as the WTC fire's and the steel beams in TOWER 7 was some of the strongest in the world .. and they wasnt the steel T beams they were THICK !! When Tower 7 fell, it caved in from the roof but there was no fire on the roof .. thats strange ... and it collapsed so clean just like if they blow it up ..hhmmmm .... A STEEL STRUCTURED BUILDING HAS NEVER COLLAPSED FROM A FIRE !!
www.geocities.com/tdo34/FreeiPods_Instructions.html
WTC Temperature
Calcs
by RB Thursday November 11, 2004 at 12:15 PM
Within the steel structure also there will have been large variations in
temperature. When welding, the flame only heats a local area to the melting point. Thermal mass and
the resistance to heat flow allow the surrounding metal to have a temperature that decreases with
distance from the flame.
In the structures of the twin towers, it would not have been necessary for the temperatures to have
reached melting point or anywhere near it. In a structure loaded in compression, like the towers,
the way that failure happens is by buckling. Due to the impact damage to many columns and some
floors, the building would have been seriously weakened causing the remaining columns to carry a
much greater load, particularly those closest to the ones damaged by impact. It is these
neighbouring columns which would also have been closer to fires.
All in all, the aircraft collisions and sebsequent fires are a pretty reasonable explanation for
the collapse of the twin towers.
RB